История международных отношений
The Arab-Israeli conflict between Israel and Palestine is a prime example of a protracted territorial conflict. The situation is being complicated by the fact that the compromise between the parties is hard to be reached. Since 1948 when Arab and Jewish states where established by the United Nations the statehood of Palestine has remained a problem both for the region and for the entire world community. The article observes the problem of political and geographical risks concerning the formation of the statehood in Palestine. The author suggests a hypothesis that the territorial integrity of the state determines the formation of state institutions. The institutional paradigm provides a basis for the research since the article analyzes the political organization of power, population, territory, sovereignty.
The research question is how political and geographical risks prevent the formation of statehood in Palestine. The article considers a historical context of the statehood formation in Palestine, besides it analyzes the process of boarder settlement between Arabic and Jewish States.
The research object is the formation of the statehood in Palestine, while the political and geographical risks of Palestinian State formation is under study.
The two main risks, which the research is based on, are indicated. The first risk is geographic fragmentation and political separatism in the territories of Palestine; the second risk is Jewish settlements in the West Bank and the mechanisms of their management.
The purpose of the research is to determine the influence of the territorial organization on the formation of statehood using the example of Palestine.
The article considers the question of political and geographical risks of the statehood formation from the point of view of the features of Palestinian territory.
The method of the historical analysis is used. The article examines the connection between the unity of territory and statehood from theoretical point of view, describes the political and geographical risks of the formation of statehood as well as the concepts of morphology of the territory, territorial integrity and sovereignty.
The novelty of the research is the problem consideration from the point of view
of geographical disposition and territorial features of the region. The author considers the solution of the problem of territorial fragmentation of Palestine and separatism in some parts as a starting point for further conflict settlement.
The article deals with the methods used by Pakistan to impact the first phase of the Afghan armed conflict (in late 1970s – 1980s). The author analyses different aspects of Pakistan’s influence on both combat operations and political situation in Afghanistan. The peculiarity of the research is dwelling on the role of the Pakistani Foreign Ministry and the country’s special services. The Pakistan’s effort in shaping the international agenda on the issue in question is specially noted in the article.
Afghanistan is one of the hotbeds of international instability and a source of threats to the world’s security, such as uncontrolled spread of arms, drug trafficking, various separatist and terrorist organizations. The basis for such a situation in many respects was laid in the first phase of the armed conflict, in which Pakistan took an active part. Pakistan’s assistance along with other countries’ support (USA, Saudi Arabia, etc.) helped the Afghan opposition to get on their feet and finally come to power in Afghanistan. Besides, the article is of particular interest as several issues concerning Pakistan’s impact on the event in South Asia in 1980s still require further research.
The objective of the study is to analyse the role of different actors in Pakistani government and society in evolution of the first phase of the Afghan armed conflict and find out the consequences of Pakistani certain policy on the Afghan
issue for South Asia and the whole world. The author applies a complex approach to review the events in Afghanistan and Pakistan in 1970 – 80s and avoids dealing only with widely known facts. A wide row of Russian and foreign sources is engaged for more profound research. The article also refers to several Pakistani scientists, including Urdu-speaking ones, whose opinions are quite different from those generally accepted in Russia.
Мировая экономика
The article considers the position of China on the international arena in the context of the pandemic of COVID-19 and the economic crisis of 2020. The goal of the article is to assess the changes of the international position of China in 2020, analyze the opportunities, risks, and threats in this context. The objectives of the article are to analyze the overall condition of China’s economy up to 2020, assess the influence of protectionist policies of Donald Trump regarding the economic position of China, analyze the success achieved by China in the realization of the “One belt — one road” initiative and difficulties encountered in this direction, assess the influence of the pandemic of COVID-19 on the alignment of forces on the international arena. In the context of the influence of the events of 2020 on the international position of China, the objectives of the article are to assess the results of the diplomatic rivalry between the USA and China and to assess the influence of the pandemic and the economic crisis on the economy of China, as well as opportunities and risks related to this. In the article, a point is made that in general in 2020 the economy of China is experiencing a number of long-term problems. First of all,
the problem of a considerable corporate debt. The trade war with the USA has exacerbated this unfavorable economic conjuncture by harming China’s export and strengthening the trend of a decline in China’s GDP growth that had existed for a long time, which in turn exacerbated the problem of a large corporate debt. The influence of the pandemic of COVID-19 and the 2020 economic crisis on the international position of China is controversial. On the one hand, the country has an opportunity via humanitarian help to ensure its position as a world leader. On the other hand, the political ambitions of China, directly related to the humanitarian help, risk to face a response of an international coalition, which is further exacerbated by the lack of flexibility of the Chinese diplomacy of “wolf warriors”. Under these circumstances China has apparently decided to take a risky path of confrontation with the West, which is demonstrated by the crisis in the South China Sea. From an economic perspective, 2020 also creates a rather problematic conjuncture for China. The fall of the demand for the Chinese export has seriously damaged the export-oriented economy of the country, which is exacerbated by a low demand for the domestic market. The long-lasting risk is the possibility of relocation of production chains by TNC away from China, the necessity of which was demonstrated by the events of 2020. Finally, a threat is posed by the problem of the debts of countries that participate in the “One belt — one road” initiative. In this context 2020 appears to be a challenge rather than an opportunity for China.
Международные отношения
This article is devoted to the role of the Islamic factor in the foreign policy of the modern Arab Republic of Egypt. The article analyzes how the Islamic factor in Egypt is projected on the political processes in this leading Muslim country. The relevance of the study is that the article analyzes the relatively poorly studied development processes in one of the most stable and leading Muslim countries – the Arab Republic of Egypt in the period after the crisis socio-political events of the so-called «Arab Spring». At the same time the study analyzes what multidimensional and contradictory influence Islam has on the political system and the political course of the country’s leadership, regardless of the historical past.
In the article, the author, through a systematic and comparative analysis, tries to show how the confrontation between the government and the Muslim Brotherhood influences the country’s foreign policy, including Egypt’s international cooperation with neighboring countries during the terms of various presidents of the country.
The article consists of two parts, the first part covering the period from 1952 until January 2012, i.e. the period before the «Arab Spring», which analyzes the state and problems of Egyptian society, as well as the reasons that had led to the collapse of the reign of Hosni Mubarak. The second part is devoted to the study of the ongoing and current internal socio-political processes and problems, including their reflection on the country’s foreign policy.
The process of militarization of public security in Mexico is presented under two modalities: the direct engagement of the Armed Forces in the field of internal security and the creation and development of so-called intermediate forces or paramilitary forces, often commanded and made up of military personnel. Throughout this contribution, a review of the process of creating the National Guard and the disappearance of the federal police with a civil profile and the consolidation of the process of militarization of public security.
ISSN 2949-6365 (Online)