<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">intaspect</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Международный аспект</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>International Aspect</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2949-6381</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2949-6365</issn><publisher><publisher-name>МГИМО МИД России</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">intaspect-92</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Международные отношения</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>Ключевые аспекты сотрудничества Ирана и стран Африки</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Key Aspects of Cooperation Between Iran and African States</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Грачева</surname><given-names>Алиса Максимовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Gracheva</surname><given-names>Alisa</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">iv.e.pappinen@my.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Круглов</surname><given-names>Ярослав Алексеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kruglov</surname><given-names>Yaroslav</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">iv.e.pappinen@my.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Паппинен</surname><given-names>Иван Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Pappinen</surname><given-names>Ivan</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">iv.e.pappinen@my.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шамраев</surname><given-names>Роман Алексеевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Shamraev</surname><given-names>Roman</given-names></name></name-alternatives><email xlink:type="simple">iv.e.pappinen@my.mgimo.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>МГИМО МИД России</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>MGIMO University</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2023</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>15</day><month>07</month><year>2024</year></pub-date><volume>4</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title>Колонизация и деколонизация в международных отношениях</issue-title><fpage>48</fpage><lpage>64</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Грачева А.М., Круглов Я.А., Паппинен И.Е., Шамраев Р.А., 2024</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2024</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Грачева А.М., Круглов Я.А., Паппинен И.Е., Шамраев Р.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Gracheva A., Kruglov Y., Pappinen I., Shamraev R.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.intaspect.ru/jour/article/view/92">https://www.intaspect.ru/jour/article/view/92</self-uri><abstract><p>В статье рассматриваются динамика и перспективы отношений Исламской Республики Иран (ИРИ) и африканских государств. Актуальность исследования обусловлена тем, что с приходом к власти в Иране в августе 2021 года администрации президента И. Раиси возникли перспективы существенной корректировки внешнеполитического курса Ирана, в связи с чем Африка стала одним из перспективных направлений внешнеполитической деятельности Исламской Республики. В первой части работы даны краткий экскурс в историю связей ИРИ со странами Африки с 1979 г. и обзор современного состояния отношений. Далее выявлены взаимные интересы сторон, проанализированы факторы, способствующие и препятствующие расширению взаимодействия. Рассмотрены позитивный и негативный сценарии развития отношений в краткосрочной перспективе. Для составления наиболее полного мнения по изучаемому вопросу авторы постарались затронуть широкий спектр факторов ирано-африканского взаимодействия. Были задействованы различные по региону происхождения источники (иранские, африканские,</p><p>арабские, западные, российские), что позволяет взглянуть на проблему с различных позиций и представить наиболее объективную оценку дальнейшего взаимодействия государств. Утверждается, что наиболее сильное влияние на состояние и перспективы отношений Ирана и Африки оказывают их экономический, политический и идеологический аспекты, а также вопросы безопасности. Также показано, что Иран на сегодняшний день делает акцент на политическом и религиозном продвижении в Африке, в то время как африканские государства более всего заинтересованы в экономическом сотрудничестве с ИРИ. Проведенный анализ позволяет констатировать, что развитие ирано-африканских отношений имеет большее значение для Ирана, чем для его африканских партнёров. Несмотря на определенные выгоды, которые стороны могут извлечь в результате сотрудничества, существенный рывок на данном поле в ближайшие годы маловероятен, что связано как с неоднозначными элементами иранского проникновения в Африку, так и конкурентными преимуществами соперников Ирана, их большей привлекательностью для африканских государств.</p><p> </p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The article studies the dynamics and prospects of relations between the Islamic Republic of Iran and African states. The study isrelevantduetothefactthatsince 2021 (when President Ebrahim Raisi came to power in Iran) Africa has become one of the promising directions of Iran’s foreign policy. The first part of the paper gives a brief outline of relations between Iran and African countries since 1979 and an overview of the current state of affairs. Then, the mutual interests of the parties are identified, and the factors contributing to and hindering the interaction are analyzed. The article considers positive and negative scenarios for the development of relations in the short term. In order to provide a comprehensive view on the issue studied, the authors have analyzed a wide range of factors in Iran-Africa interaction. Different sources (Iranian, African, Arab, Western, and Russian) were used to address the issue from different perspectives. Iran- Africa relations and its development are influenced most by the economic, political, ideological and security aspects. It is shown that Iran today emphasizes political and religious advancement in Africa, while African states are mostly interested in economic cooperation with Iran. The article suggests that the development of Iran-Africa relations is more important for Iran than for its African partners. Despite certain benefits that the parties may derive from the cooperation, a significant breakthrough in this field in the coming years is unlikely, which is due to both the ambiguous elements of Iranian activities in Africa and competitive advantages of Iran’s rivals and their greater attractiveness to African states.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Иран</kwd><kwd>Африка</kwd><kwd>экономическое сотрудничество</kwd><kwd>исламский фактор</kwd><kwd>исламская революция</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Iran</kwd><kwd>Africa</kwd><kwd>economic cooperation</kwd><kwd>Islamic factor</kwd><kwd>Islamic Revolution</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Богуславский А. Найти свою нишу в Африке: ближневосточный и азиатский опыт // РСМД. — 13.11.2017. — URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/analyticsand-comments/analytics/nayti-svoyu-nishu-v-afrike-blizhnevostochnyy-iaziatskiy-opyt-/ (дата обращения: 23.03.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bagheri R. A Key Principle or a Key Partner? The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy towards Africa // Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies. — 2021. — Vol. 5, №3. — P. 473-506. — URL: https://doi.org/10.22059/wsps.2022.328449.1236</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Быстров А.А. О радикальных исламистских организациях ЮАР // Институт Ближнего Востока. — 17.12.2015. — URL: http://www.iimes.ru/?p=26928&amp;ysclid=lty6yuidgr390691605 (дата обращения: 18.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Boguslavskij A. Najti svoyu nishu v Afrike: blizhnevostochnyj i aziatskij opyt [To Find Its Own Place in Africa^ Middle-East and Asian Experience] // RIAC. — 13.11.2017. — URL: https://russiancouncil.ru/analytics-and-comments/ analytics/nayti-svoyu-nishu-v-afrike-blizhnevostochnyy-i-aziatskiy-opyt-/ (accessed: 23.03.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Исламский экстремизм и терроризм // Политический атлас современности. — 2024. — URL: https://www.hyno.ru/tom4/722.html?ysclid=lty79lbq1c293242766 (дата обращения: 18.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bystrov A.A. O radikal’nyh islamistskih organizaciyah YUAR [About Radical Islamist Groups of South Africa] // Institut Blizhnego Vostoka [Insititute for Middle East Studies]. — 17.12.2015. — URL: http://www.iimes.ru/?p=26928&amp;yscli d=lty6yuidgr390691605 (accessed: 18.03.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Полонский И. Исламская революция в Иране. «Красный сектор» // Военное обозрение. — 01.04.2015. — URL: https://topwar.ru/72007-islamskayarevolyuciya-v-irane-krasnyy-sektor.html (дата обращения: 23.03.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chimarizeni F. Relações Irã-África: oportunidades e perspectivas para o Irã</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Санаи М. Внешняя политика Ирана: между историей и религией // Россия в глобальной политике. — 10.03.2006 — URL: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/vneshnyaya-politika-irana-mezhdu-istoriej-i-religiej/ (дата обращения 26.03.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">// Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos. — 2017. — Vol. 2, № 3. — P. 38-52.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Созидательный джихад // Исламская революция. Вчера. Сегодня. Завтра. 1979. — 22.04.2020. —URL: https://iran1979.ru/sozidatelnyj-dzhixad/?ysclid=lty5xl9w47871520856 (дата обращения: 18.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Heiback J. Sub-Saharan Africa: A Theater for Middle East Power Struggles</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Юртаев В.И. Африка во внешней политике Ирана / В.И. Юртаев, А.К. Воронков // Африка: основания для нового старта : ЕЖЕГОДНИК. — Москва : Российский университет дружбы народов, 2011. — 369 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">// Middle East Policy. — 2020. — Vol. 27, № 2. — P. 69-80.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bagheri R. A Key Principle or a Key Partner? The Islamic Republic of Iran’s Foreign Policy towards Africa // Journal of World Sociopolitical Studies. — 2021. — Vol. 5, №3. — С. 473-506. — URL: https://doi.org/10.22059/wsps.2022.328449.1236</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Is Iran “Retuning” Its Relations with the African Continent? // Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. — 2023. — URL: https://jcpa.org/is-iran-retuning-its- relations-with-the-african-continent/  (accessed:  19.03.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chimarizeni F. Relações Irã-África: oportunidades e perspectivas para o Irã // Revista Brasileira de Estudos Africanos. — 2017. — Vol. 2, № 3. — С. 38-52.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islamskij ekstremizm i terrorizm [Islamic Extremism and Terrorism] // Politicheskij atlas sovremennosti [Contemporary Political Atlas]. — 2024. — URL: https://www.hyno.ru/tom4/722.html?ysclid=lty79lbq1c293242766 (accessed: 18.03.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Heiback J. Sub-Saharan Africa: A Theater for Middle East Power Struggles // Middle East Policy. — 2020. — Vol. 27, № 2. — P. 69-80.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Keynoush B. Revolutionary Iran’s Africa policy. — Riyadh: King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2021. — 154 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Is Iran “Retuning” Its Relations with the African Continent? // Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs. — 2023. — URL: https://jcpa.org/isiran-retuning-its-relations-with-the-african-continent/ (дата обращения: 19.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lefebvre Jeffrey A. Iran’s Scramble for Sub-Saharan Africa // Insight Turkey. — 2019. — Vol. 21, № 1. — URL: https://www.insightturkey.com/article/ irans-scramble-for-sub-saharan-africa   (accessed   24.03.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Keynoush B. Revolutionary Iran’s Africa policy. — Riyadh: King Faisal Center for Research and Islamic Studies, 2021. — 154 с.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Leichtman Mara A. Revolution, modernity and (trans)national Shi`i Islam: rethinking religious conversion in Senegal // Journal of Religion in Africa.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lefebvre Jeffrey A. Iran’s Scramble for Sub-Saharan Africa // Insight Turkey. — 2019. — Vol. 21, № 1. — URL: https://www.insightturkey.com/article/irans-scramble-for-sub-saharan-africa (дата обращения 24.03.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">—	2009. — 39(3). — P. 319–351.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Leichtman Mara A. Revolution, modernity and (trans)national Shi`i Islam: rethinking religious conversion in Senegal // Journal of Religion in Africa. — 2009. — 39(3). — С. 319–351.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">McAnney A. Iran in Africa // Center for Security Policy. — 2014. — URL: https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Iran-in- Africa.pdf (accessed 24.03.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">McAnney A. Iran in Africa // Center for Security Policy. — 2014. — URL: https://centerforsecuritypolicy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Iran-in-Africa.pdf (дата обращения 24.03.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Moghadam A. Marriage of convenience: The evolution of Iran and al- Qa’ida’s tactical cooperation // Combating terrorism center at West Point. — 2017.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Moghadam A. Marriage of convenience: The evolution of Iran and al-Qa’ida’s tactical cooperation // Combating terrorism center at West Point. — 2017. —Vol. 10, №4. — С. 12-19. — URL: https://ctc.usma.edu/marriage-ofconvenience-the-evolution-of-iran-and-al-qaidas-tactical-cooperation/ (дата обращения 20.03.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">—Vol. 10, №4. — P. 12-19. — URL: https://ctc.usma.edu/marriage-of-convenience- the-evolution-of-iran-and-al-qaidas-tactical-cooperation/ (accessed 20.03.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Naeni A. Iran and Africa: Why Tehran will boost its ties with the continent under the Raisi administration // Middle East Institute. — 2021 — URL: https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-africa-why-tehran-will-boost-its-tiescontinent-under-raisi-administration (дата обращения 08.03.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadri S., Sarkhanov T. Iran’s public diplomacy and religious soft power in Africa / Sayyad Sadri // Politics and religion journal. — 2023. — 17(12). — С. 411-433. — URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375086259_IRAN’S_PUBLIC_DIPLOMACY_AND_RELIGIOUS_SOFT_POWER_IN_AFRICA (дата обращения: 19.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Naeni A. Iran and Africa: Why Tehran will boost its ties with the continent under the Raisi administration // Middle East Institute. — 2021 — URL: https://www.mei.edu/publications/iran-and-africa-why-tehran-will-boost-its-    ties-continent-under-raisi-administration  (accessed  08.03.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahvar S. Iran’s global reach: the Islamic Republic of Iran’s policy, involvement and activity in Africa // Digest of Middle East Studies. — 2020. — №29. — С. 53-75. — URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340178963_Iran%27s_global_reach_The_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran%27s_policy_involvement_and_activity_in_Africa (дата обращения 21.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Polonskij I. Islamskaya revolyuciya v Irane. «Krasnyj sektor» [Islamic revolution in Iran. «Red Sector»] // Voennoe obozrenie [Military Review]. — 01.04.2015. — URL: https://topwar.ru/72007-islamskaya-revolyuciya-v-irane- krasnyy-sektor.html  (accessed: 23.03.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sadri S., Sarkhanov T. Iran’s public diplomacy and religious soft power in Africa / Sayyad Sadri // Politics and religion journal. — 2023. — 17(12). — P. 411-433. — URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375086259_IRAN’S_ PUBLIC_DIPLOMACY_AND_RELIGIOUS_SOFT_POWER_IN_AFRICA	(accessed: 19.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sadri S., Sarkhanov T. Iran’s public diplomacy and religious soft power in Africa / Sayyad Sadri // Politics and religion journal. — 2023. — 17(12). — P. 411-433. — URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/375086259_IRAN’S_ PUBLIC_DIPLOMACY_AND_RELIGIOUS_SOFT_POWER_IN_AFRICA	(accessed: 19.03.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanai M. Vneshnyaya politika Irana: mezhdu istoriej i religiej [Iran Foreign Policy: Between History and Religion] // Rossiya v global’noj politike [Russia in Global Affairs]. — 10.03.2006 — URL: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/ vneshnyaya-politika-irana-mezhdu-istoriej-i-religiej/   (accessed  26.03.2022).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanai M. Vneshnyaya politika Irana: mezhdu istoriej i religiej [Iran Foreign Policy: Between History and Religion] // Rossiya v global’noj politike [Russia in Global Affairs]. — 10.03.2006 — URL: https://globalaffairs.ru/articles/ vneshnyaya-politika-irana-mezhdu-istoriej-i-religiej/   (accessed  26.03.2022).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shahvar S. Iran’s global reach: the Islamic Republic of Iran’s policy, involvement and activity in Africa // Digest of Middle East Studies. — 2020. —</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shahvar S. Iran’s global reach: the Islamic Republic of Iran’s policy, involvement and activity in Africa // Digest of Middle East Studies. — 2020. —</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">№29. — P. 53-75. — URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340178963_ Ir an%27s_global_reach_The_Islamic_Republic_of_Ir an%27s_policy_ involvement_and_activity_in_Africa  (accessed  21.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">№29. — P. 53-75. — URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340178963_ Ir an%27s_global_reach_The_Islamic_Republic_of_Ir an%27s_policy_ involvement_and_activity_in_Africa  (accessed  21.03.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sozidatel’nyj dzhihad [Constructive Jihad] // Islamskaya revolyuciya. Vchera. Segodnya. Zavtra. 1979. [Islamoc Revolution. Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow. 1979] — 22.04.2020. — URL: https://iran1979.ru/sozidatelnyj-dzhixad/?ysclid=lt</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sozidatel’nyj dzhihad [Constructive Jihad] // Islamskaya revolyuciya. Vchera. Segodnya. Zavtra. 1979. [Islamoc Revolution. Yesterday. Today. Tomorrow. 1979] — 22.04.2020. — URL: https://iran1979.ru/sozidatelnyj-dzhixad/?ysclid=lt</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">y5xl9w47871520856  (accessed: 18.03.2024).</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">y5xl9w47871520856  (accessed: 18.03.2024).</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">YUrtaev V.I. Afrika vo vneshnej politike Irana [Africa in Iranian Foreign Policy] / V.I. YUrtaev, A.K. Voronkov // Afrika: osnovaniya dlya novogo starta : EZHEGODNIK. [Africa: Foundations for a New Start : Yearbook] — Moskva</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">YUrtaev V.I. Afrika vo vneshnej politike Irana [Africa in Iranian Foreign Policy] / V.I. YUrtaev, A.K. Voronkov // Afrika: osnovaniya dlya novogo starta : EZHEGODNIK. [Africa: Foundations for a New Start : Yearbook] — Moskva</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">: Rossijskij universitet druzhby narodov, 2011. — 369 p.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">: Rossijskij universitet druzhby narodov, 2011. — 369 p.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
